Flare airdrop (FLR) arrives for Young Platform users

You can now buy Flare (FLR) on Young Platform. If you were eligible for its airdrop, check your wallet!

You can now buy, sell and store FLRs on Young Platform! The good news, however, does not end there. 

An airdrop is also coming/coming for users who held Ripple (XRP) in December 2020. Here’s what Flare (FLR) is, everything you need to know about the free distribution of this token and how it fits in the context of the benefits provided to our Club members.

Flare: all you need to know

Flare is a Layer 1 Proof-of-Stake blockchain that aims at interoperability, a key component for projects that intend to communicate with decentralised applications (dapp) and protocols built on other blockchains. 

Its primary use case has to do with this very feature. As stated in its whitepaper, published in August 2020, the mission was to enable the development of smart contracts on networks that needed to be prepared to receive them.

Flare’s blockchain, which before the release of the second version was called Spark, has always been closely linked to Ripple and, in particular, to the XRP Ledger, as evidenced by the airdrop dedicated to cryptocurrency holders of the same name.

How to use FLR on Young Platform

Here are all the features available for Flare(FLR) on Young Platform and Young Platform Pro:

  • Buying and selling with EUR
  • Recurring purchase
  • Creating a Single Currency or Customised Money Box

FLR’s airdrop: who gets it?

Young will distribute the Flare token (FLR) to all users who own Ripple (XRP) in their wallet on 12 December 2020, 00:00 UTC. The number of Spark tokens that each user will receive depends on the amount of XRP held and will be calculated according to the following formula:

User A = Amount of XRP held by User A at the time of airdrop / Total XRP held by Young at the time of airdrop * Total FLR received by Young for the Airdrop.

Finally, Club members will be pleased to learn that the ‘airdrop reward’ advantage applies to this free distribution of tokens. This means that these users will receive progressively more tokens depending on which Club they belong to:

  • Club Bronze +10%;
  • Club Silver +15%;
  • Club Gold +20%;
  • Club Platinum +25%.

FED Meeting January 2024: Unchanged Rates

fed meeting january 2024

For the fourth consecutive meeting, the Federal Reserve keeps interest rates unchanged. Powell is sceptical about March cuts.

In a move anticipated by the market, during the FED’s meeting on January 30-31, 2024, it was decided to maintain the federal funds rate between 5.25% and 5.5%. This decision marks a continuation of the stance adopted since July 2023, reflecting the committee’s strategy in the face of good but not solidified economic indicators. “We don’t have a growth mandate. We have a mandate of maximum employment and a price stability mandate,” commented Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell following the meeting.

Since the strong inflationary wave in 2022, which reached its highest peak in forty years, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) has undertaken a strict policy to rebalance the economy. This led to a series of interest rate hikes aimed at containing inflation, starting in March 2022. Indeed, since then, it has shown signs of slowing down. However, such high interest levels had not been recorded for over two decades, increasing market pressure for the Fed to intervene with a cut in the coming months.

During the January 2024 FED meeting, the Committee emphasised its intention to maintain a high vigilance. Balancing economic factors remains a delicate and non-guaranteed task: reducing interest rates could jeopardise the downward trend of inflation. On the other hand, the U.S. economy risks falling into a recession. “Inflation is still too high, ongoing progress in reducing it is not guaranteed, and the path forward is uncertain,” said Jerome Powell in his post-meeting press conference.

Despite such statements, traders continue to bet on a rate cut that would bring them between 3.75% and 4% by the end of the year. This would mean that the FED should start consistently cutting rates with increments of a quarter of a percentage point at each meeting starting in May. For those still anticipating a cut in March, Powell emphasised, “I don’t think it’s likely that the Committee will reach a level of confidence by the March meeting.”

ECB meeting January 2024: decisions and economic outlook

ECB meeting January 2024

As the ECB meeting in January 2024 approached, speculation in the financial markets was rife. However, the decisions made at the January 25, 2024 meeting reflected a cautious approach in a continually evolving economic landscape. In line with analysts’ expectations, the European Central Bank maintained interest rates at their current levels.

Maintaining Interest Rates

The Governing Council of the ECB, in its meeting on January 25, 2024, unanimously decided to keep the three key ECB interest rates unchanged. This decision means that the interest rates on the primary refinancing operations, the marginal lending facility, and the deposit facility remain at 4.5%, 4.75%, and 4%, respectively. This move aligns with the ECB’s commitment to ensuring medium-term inflation aligns with its 2% target.

Statements from Christine Lagarde

Christine Lagarde, President of the European Central Bank, commented, “The Eurozone economy likely stagnated in the last quarter of 2023 and was weak in the first quarter of 2024. However, some indicators point to a recovery later in the year. Inflation, which fell to 2.9% in December, is expected to continue to decline in 2024.” She emphasised that discussing interest rate cuts is still premature, as the ECB must progress further in the disinflation process before being sure that inflation will reach its 2% target.

At the World Economic Forum in Davos, Lagarde highlighted the factors the ECB is monitoring that will influence future interest rate decisions. Notably, she mentioned a shift from the ‘normality’ pre-2023, suggesting that the normalisation observed in 2023 is leading towards a “non-normal” period, where we will witness a change in the drivers of the global economy and new growth modalities.

The Role of Consumption

Until now, consumption has acted as a vital growth engine, driven by favourable conditions that are waning. This gradual depletion of positive factors implies a transformation in the economy’s driving force.

Drastic Reduction in Savings

We have witnessed a significant reduction in excess savings in advanced economies, dropping from an average of 10% to figures close to zero. This decrease, along with a less tense labour market, suggests a decline in consumption power as an economic driving force.

Global Trade and Growth Prospects

Global trade is another element showing signs of normalisation and significantly impacting the Council’s decisions. Europe struggles to keep pace with the significant powers, burdened by the geopolitical situation. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Director-General of the World Trade Organization, emphasised that thanks to the resilience of international trade, Europe has been able to overcome the cut in energy imports from Russia following the invasion of Ukraine.

Governing Council’s Outlook

In the ECB meeting in January 2024, the Governing Council highlighted that new information essentially confirms their previous assessment of medium-term inflation prospects. Despite a base effect causing an increase in overall energy-related inflation, the downward trend in underlying inflation continues.

Monetary Policy: What’s Next?

The Governing Council remains committed to bringing inflation back to the 2% target on time. Based on its current assessment, the Council believes that the ECB reference rates, if maintained sufficiently long, will significantly contribute to achieving this objective.

Asset Purchase Program (APP) and PEPP

During the ECB meeting in January 2024, the Council noted that the APP portfolio is reducing at a measured and predictable pace. Regarding the PEPP (pandemic emergency purchase program), the Council plans to reinvest the capital repaid on maturing securities in the first half of 2024, reducing the PEPP portfolio by an average of €7.5 billion per month in the second half of the year, and ending reinvestments by the end of 2024.

Analysts’ Reactions

Analysts like Morgane Delle Donne, Head of Investment Strategy Europe at Global X, noted that markets anticipate a more dovish turn by the ECB within the year. Martina Daga, Macro Economist at AcomeA SGR, pointed out that the ECB’s acknowledgement of positive progress in inflation and the labour market shows a softer stance. Nicolas Forest, CIO at Candriam, highlighted the ECB’s data-dependent approach, not expecting policy easing before June. David Chappell, Senior Fixed Income Portfolio Manager at Columbia Threadneedle Investments, noted that Lagarde hinted at the possibility of a rate adjustment starting in June.

Growth Estimates

The ECB revised downward its inflation and growth estimates for the Eurozone for the first quarter of 2024. This emerged from the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF), involving 59 economists and financial analysts, conducted between January 5 and January 10.

Inflation is expected to decrease to 2.4% in 2024 and stabilise at 2% in 2025 and 2026. Real GDP growth expectations for 2024 and 2025 have also been revised downward, with a slowdown projected at 0.6% this year and a recovery to 1.3% next year.

Conclusion

The ECB meeting in January 2024 concludes with a cautious yet vigilant approach to monetary policy, reflecting the central bank’s commitment to price stability and economic growth amid revised forecasts and changing global conditions. The decision to keep interest rates unchanged, along with the downward revisions in inflation and growth estimates, indicates careful navigation in a complex economic environment.

The ultimate guide to Base airdrop

The ultimate guide to Base airdrop

Despite earlier announcements by the team at the launch of the blockchain, Base’s airdrop might be just around the corner. Base, the Layer 2 developed by Coinbase, the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, might reward its network users in the coming months.

A few months ago, the same team said they would not launch a token. However, the situation appears reversed, given the recent shift in the relationship between the exchange and U.S. regulatory bodies. Learn about the potential Base airdrop, Ethereum’s Layer 2, developed by Coinbase.

What is Base, Coinbase’s Blockchain?

Base is an Ethereum Layer 2 developed by the world’s leading crypto company, Coinbase. Available in over 100 countries for several years, the exchange offers a wide range of products to an equally broad customer base (about 7.3 million) and manages approximately $130 billion in assets on its platform.

This network is built using Optimism’s development stack, which is similar to the current second most famous Ethereum scalability solution. It utilises optimistic roll-up technology to allow users to process transactions quickly and cheaply and is compatible with the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).

How to Qualify for Base’s Airdrop?

Neither the Base team nor Coinbase has confirmed the arrival of the Layer 2 token, so the existence of a future Base airdrop is not particular. Contrarily, they specified the opposite in the months before the mainnet launch. However, after statements by Paul Grewal, Chief Legal Officer (CLO) of Coinbase, many are more optimistic and believe that this free token distribution is imminent.

It’s important to note that it’s usually too late to qualify when a protocol announces an airdrop. Therefore, starting early is almost always mandatory, even if its arrival isn’t sure.

Since we don’t know if Base’s airdrop will occur, the requirements to receive it remain a mystery until the possible announcement of the free distribution. However, we can speculate based on past airdrops, which almost always rewarded frequent interactions with a particular protocol and the volume of crypto traded.

Practical Guide to Base’s Airdrop

Assuming Base’s airdrop is on the horizon, let’s explore the most likely steps to qualify.

  1. Access to a Decentralized Crypto Wallet and Network Integration

To receive Base’s airdrop, you must act on-chain directly on Ethereum’s Layer 2. First, you need a decentralised wallet and add Coinbase’s blockchain. Several wallets support it, notably Metamask and Coinbase Wallet, the decentralised wallet developed by the exchange.

To add the Base blockchain to your Metamask, consult the official documentation of Layer 2 and enter the necessary data. For convenience, here are the details below, but be aware that the RPC address might change over time, so always check Base’s official website.

– Name: Base Mainnet

– Description: The public mainnet for Base

– RPC Endpoint: https://mainnet.base.org

– Chain ID: 8453

– Currency Symbol: ETH

– Block Explorer: https://basescan.org

  1. Purchase Ethereum on Young Platform and Withdraw

Base, as mentioned, is an Ethereum scalability solution, so if you want to qualify for the airdrop, you need to own some Ether. This will enable you to use the dapps and process the necessary transactions to qualify for the distribution. You can use Young Platform by clicking this button if you don’t own any.

Buy ETH!

To transfer your ETH from your Young Platform account to your decentralised wallet, follow this guide. Remember, it’s essential to withdraw the ETH you want to use through the Ethereum network.

  1. Reach Base through an Official Bridge

The best way to reach Base is through the official bridge. Using it could be one of the essential requirements to qualify for free token distribution. To transfer your Ethereum (ETH) to Base, simply connect your wallet, select the amount you want to send, confirm, and approve the transaction.

  1. Utilise dapps on the Blockchain

Once your ETH has reached its destination, you should start interacting with the decentralised applications (dapps) on Layer 2 to qualify for the potential Base airdrop. Decide how to proceed based on the amount of ETH you intend to use (necessary to cover the gas fees, which are relatively low due to the high scalability of this network).

The most popular strategy for “airdrop hunting” involves making swaps between tokens available on the blockchain, using native decentralised exchanges (DEX) if possible – specifically created for that network. The most famous on Base are Aerodrome and BaseSwap, but you can check Defillama’s dedicated page to discover all the most used dapps on the network.

If you’re feeling adventurous, you can explore more advanced protocols like yield farming. Lastly, you could use one of the most popular platforms exclusively on Base, such as Friend Tech, the most famous example of socialFi.

4. Regular Use of the Blockchain

Finally, the frequency of your interaction with this network might be necessary for receiving the Base airdrop if it happens. Past free token distributions have rewarded users who regularly interacted with the network.

Therefore, it’s advisable to repeat the actions described in the previous steps over time. Another criterion the Coinbase team might consider is the variety of dapps used. To meet this requirement, connect your wallet and carry out operations on different platforms of Layer 2.

Should it be confirmed, you’ve just read the likely fundamental requirements to receive the Base airdrop.

Ethereum Rebounds Thanks to ETFs

After the approval of Bitcoin ETFs, Bloomberg expects Ethereum ETFs to follow. How has the market reacted?

These are festive days for crypto enthusiasts, marked by much positive news. Following the approval of Bitcoin ETFs yesterday evening, many now anticipate Ethereum ETFs. This may be why its price has surged in recent hours.

What will happen in the coming days? Will the anticipated spot ETFs on Ethereum in May arrive? Find out all the latest news on this topic in this article!

Ethereum ETFs: Are They Coming Soon?

According to Eric Balchunas, one of the world’s leading ETF experts, there’s a 70% chance that Ethereum ETFs will arrive. This may be why the SEC’s announcement initially positively impacted Ethereum’s price more than BTC. The most capitalised crypto in the market had already partly priced in the event, although in the last hours, it’s recording a +9% increase compared to yesterday.

In any case, the long-term outlook for the entire market is optimistic; the bear market is officially over, and large investment funds are ready to inject significant amounts of money to offer their “brand new” financial instruments.

The first helpful deadline for Ethereum ETFs, which could grant another victory to the crypto world, is May 23rd. We will see if the SEC and its chairman, Gary Gensler, will set aside their reservations about the crypto created by Vitalik Buterin.

The Impact on Charts of ETF Approval

Those expecting a tumultuous price movement immediately after the ETF approval might be disappointed; Bitcoin’s value in the hours following the announcement remained between $44,500 and $47,000. It’s probably because the whole world expected an affirmative response from the SEC. The situation changed after trading on the ETFs began, which recorded more than 2 billion in volumes in a few minutes. Bitcoin has reached nearly $49,000 and now seems intent on reaching the crucial level of $50,000.

However, Ethereum’s rally started earlier. Probably thanks to the words of Bloomberg analyst Eric Balchunas and other commentators on the Ethereum ETFs. The crypto broke through the $2,400 support and reached $2,600 overnight.

The current scenario in which Bitcoin’s price action is placed could further improve thanks to the entry of investment funds. According to estimates by Chartered Bank, BlackRock, VanEck, and Microstrategy, from 40 to 100 billion in the next four years.

The fact that Bitcoin’s price didn’t react super explosively to the announcement could also be an opportunity for retailers, especially those with a strategy to protect themselves from volatility. Our strategy is recurring purchases involving tiny, regular purchases over time; try it in the Moneybox section of our app!

One question remains: when did the trading of ETFs officially begin? These financial instruments are available on three exchanges: The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), NASDAQ, and the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE).

Trading on the most famous, BlackRock’s iShares Bitcoin Trust listed on NASDAQ, began a few hours ago, while for the Galaxy Bitcoin ETF by Invesco, available on the CBOE, it was already possible to set purchase orders from last night. The volume counter generated by these financial instruments has gone crazy; at the time of writing, more than 2 billion dollars in spot ETFs on Bitcoin have already been traded.

These are all the latest essential news on ETFs on Ethereum and Bitcoin. Continue following our blog so you do not miss any updates.

Spot ETFs on Bitcoin approved!

The approval for Bitcoin spot ETFs has finally arrived. Here’s everything you need to know. When will trading begin?

The Bitcoin spot ETFs have been approved over six months since BlackRock’s approval request, followed by those of many significant American investment funds.

A few minutes ago, the SEC announced that these financial instruments meet the guidelines. Here are all the details on the approval of the Bitcoin spot ETFs. When will trading of these financial instruments begin, and what will happen to the price of BTC?

Impacts of the approval

The approval of the Bitcoin spot ETFs, widely anticipated in recent months, has finally arrived today, January 10, 2024.

The SEC has approved the applications of ARK 21Shares, Invesco Galaxy, VanEck, WisdomTree, Fidelity, Valkyrie, BlackRock, Grayscale, Bitwise, Hashdex, and Franklin Templeton. The document is available on the SEC’s website.

New institutional players will now be able to offer Bitcoin to their clients, radically changing the perception of the leading cryptocurrency and the entire sector. This development opens up new possibilities based on a more robust image and a positive perception from the general public. Inevitably, the rest of the crypto industry will benefit from this change and the exposure to a new public segment, introducing alternative dynamics.

The crypto world expects the most significant influx of capital in its history. According to some estimates, between 100 and 300 billion dollars could enter the market in the next four years thanks to these financial instruments. If this happens, the impact on the price of Bitcoin will be, to say the least, explosive.

What is spoofing? The meaning of this scam and how to protect yourself

All you need to know about phone spoofing: what is it and how to protect yourself from the growing scams

Knowing the meaning of phone spoofing is nowadays increasingly important to avoid falling for the scams of malicious attackers, who are constantly ready to steal personal data and money via technological tools. 

Fraud, unfortunately, is now the order of the day, and phones make things much easier for those who try to carry out such frauds. Phone spoofing falls right into this domain, so it’s crucial to clearly understand not only what it means, but above all how to protect yourself from such schemes and how to avoid running into them.

The meaning of telephone spoofing: what it is and types

Literally, the meaning of spoofing is connected to that of deception, cheating. With this type of attack, attackers impersonate another entity by falsifying data in order to gain an illegitimate advantage. This manipulation is based on the ability to deceive systems and users who are led (wrongly) to believe that they are communicating with a trusted source.

It is a technique that is widely used in more general phishing attacks, the ultimate goal of which is to obtain personal information, such as passwords, credit card numbers or financial details. 

To really understand the meaning of spoofing, however, a distinction must be made between the different types of attacks possible. In some cases, victims may receive classic messages on their phones in which the identity of the sender is concealed in order to appear legitimate (SMS spoofing). However, there is not only message spoofing, but also voice spoofing. Malicious attackers can in fact also change phone numbers when making calls to users.

Changing the sender’s numbers and name, by the way, is not such a difficult practice. There are even providers who offer this type of service because, basically, it is not considered illegal. It is only so when it is used to defraud users. Take for instance all those companies that need to send large-scale service messages to their customers and need to hide the sender’s number. In this case, the practice appears perfectly legitimate, whereas the meaning of spoofing changes, taking on a negative connotation when the process is generated to carry out malicious actions and scams. 

Then there is also e-mail spoofing, which, as the name suggests, takes place by sending e-mails. Also not to be forgotten is IP spoofing, with which fraudsters conceal the identity of a server by making the IP address of a host seemingly legitimate, or even DNS server spoofing, in which the compromise of the DNS (Domain Name Service) server results in a redirection to a malicious site. ARP spoofing must also necessarily be taken into account in order to protect oneself: in this case, forged ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) messages are sent by fraudsters.

Regardless of the type of approach adopted, all the various forms of spoofing share a fundamental element: they use trust as leverage to obtain or alter sensitive data, commit financial fraud, circumvent network access control mechanisms, and spread malicious software through malicious links and attachments.

How to protect yourself?

Identifying spoofing attacks has become increasingly difficult today and this is because, as already mentioned, falsifying the identity of senders is anything but difficult. This means that everyone should adopt sound and careful security practices. 

First of all, you should only visit official and notoriously secure sites (with HTTPS protocol). Then you should think carefully about every communication you receive (on any kind of channel), even when the sender seems absolutely trustworthy. 

You should then avoid entering your personal data too confidently and lightly without first having investigated the sender who is requesting that action, and you should obviously carefully analyse all links and attachments contained in received communications. A simple click on them, in fact, could have important repercussions for you. 

The use of strong and robust passwords is also highly recommended. You should avoid using common names that can be linked to you, or easily identifiable dates of birth, and construct highly customised keys that are difficult to find.

Keeping your attention high, therefore, is crucial, but it is not the only thing you can do to protect yourself against spoofing. You could, for instance, decide to use a VPN to make fraud attempts more difficult (hackers would find it difficult to decipher the data of users who have encrypted their traffic). Or you could evaluate services such as blocking cookies, offered for instance by NordVPN’s Threat Protection. You could also use classic antivirus software, which is able to identify attack attempts, and firewalls that can detect addresses outside the local network. 

As already stated at the beginning of this article, knowing the meaning of spoofing is more important than ever, as is keeping alert to the countless fraud attempts to which we are unfortunately now exposed. 

Young Platform takes strong security measures to ensure its reliability and does not ask its users for access credentials and other security codes.

5 basic finance concepts you should know

Discover 5 basic finance concepts to better manage your savings 

When you hear the word ‘finance’, does your brain immediately reply ‘I’ll never understand it’? As a matter of fact, it is one of the most intimidating topics for people, perhaps because it is rich in concepts or because it is associated with large amounts of money and risks, or even because it is considered an elitist world for a few experts. Finance is nothing more than the management of funds and it also has an impact on your daily life, so to manage your money with awareness, it is important to know the basics. Here are 5 basic finance concepts you need to know. 

1. Time value of money

The first of these basic finance concepts is that a sum of money is worth more in the present than in the future. In other words, the value of money decreases over time due to inflation, which reduces purchasing power.  

This means that if you keep €1,000 for five years ‘idle’ under your mattress, its value will drop dramatically over time. And at the same time you will lose the possible gains that your 1,000€ would have yielded once invested. 

The concept of time value of money in fact shows that if money gradually loses value, the only way to make it grow is by investing and that waiting to do so means missing an opportunity.  

This principle is to be taken into account before embarking on any financial strategy. Pension fund managers, for example, consider the time value of money to ensure adequate funds for their clients at retirement.

The time value of money can be calculated using a formula that takes several variables into account: the present value of an amount of money, the time interval, interest and inflation rates.

Compared to fiat currency, there are assets that are less subject to the time value of money principle. These include safe haven assets such as gold and commodities because their scarcity increases their value over time, and for some this category also includes Bitcoin (read the research). 

2. Diversification

To explain the second of the basic concepts of finance, that of diversification, the image of the basket is often used: the rule is ‘never put all your eggs in one basket, if it falls they will all break’. The idea is not to buy a single asset with your savings to avoid losing everything if something goes wrong. Diversification serves to minimise risk and consists of spreading one’s investments across several assets. 

Diversification is also used by crypto users to create a balanced cryptocurrency wallet.

3. Risk/reward

Another of the basic concepts of finance is that of the ‘risk/return’ ratio. This relationship is directly proportional, i.e. the higher the risk, the higher the return and vice versa. In the world of finance, you often hear that ‘There ain’t no such thing as a free lunch’; this expression was popularised by the economist Milton Friedman among others. One cannot have lunch without paying, i.e. in order to have high profits, one must be willing to take risks.  

4. Interests 

Interest is a fundamental component of finance and represents the cost of borrowed money or the gain from a deposit. In a loan, interest represents the amount of money the lender charges the borrower for lending him/her the money. They are usually expressed as a percentage and are paid together with the repayment of the principal (i.e. the amount of money lent) at set intervals, e.g. monthly or annually.

In an investment, on the other hand, interest is the profit earned over a period of time. For example, if you deposit money in a bank account that offers an interest rate of 2% per annum, you will earn 2% on the money deposited each year.

When considering whether to take out a mortgage, looking at the interest rates is crucial. These can be influenced by the monetary policies of the European Central Bank, which decides on interest rates, which then fall on the commercial banks. 

5. Put your money at work 

Of all the basic concepts of finance, this refers to the idea of embarking on a strategy in order to grow one’s savings and thus achieve a return. 

In this way, the money ‘works’ for you, producing results. Obviously every investment has its risk component, the idea behind ‘putting your money at work’ is to try to get a higher return than you could get by simply keeping your money in a bank account or under your mattress.

In summary, ‘put your money at work’ is an invitation to consider investing as a way to grow your money and achieve your long-term financial goals. 

These were the 5 basic finance concepts worth knowing. Not as incomprehensible as you thought, right?

Investment strategies compared: how to make time work in your favour 

The best investment strategies? 5 types of investing compared

Comparing the best investment strategies: should we wait for the right moment to invest or buy regularly?

The first thing to consider when choosing your investment strategies is time: is there a right time to invest? If you too have thought at least once about making your savings pay off, without knowing when to start, there is good news: you can start now and get results even without being a financial guru and spending all day interpreting numbers and charts. 

According to research by Charles Schwab, a multinational financial services company, waiting for the right time to enter a market is very expensive. In other words, buying an asset by trying to calculate ideal market conditions is less convenient than relying on a recurring purchase. 

Is market timing the best investment strategy?

The purpose of Charles Schwab’s 2021 analysis, which we will present in this article, is to understand whether market timing works. That is, to seek an answer to the question: is there a right time to invest? The term ‘market timing’ refers to the attempt to find the best time to buy or sell an asset. You can consider market timing as one of the investment strategies adopted by investors who try to anticipate market movements and, for example, sell before a fall and buy before a rise. For the company’s analysts, market timing does not help to make one’s savings pay off. Let’s see how they came to this conclusion. 

The 5 investors’ thought experiment 

Charles Schwab scholars conducted a thought experiment on five different investment strategies. Each investor was given a $2,000 budget per year to invest in the S&P 500, the most important US stock index, for twenty years, from 2000 to 2020. 

  1. Peter Perfect

Peter is the perfect market timer, that friend who is always successful at what he does. By skill or luck, he has managed to place his annual $2,000 by always finding the right time to invest. For example, in 2001 he waited until 21 September, the lowest closing level of that year for the S&P 500.

  1. Ashley Action

Her investment strategy is simple and consistent: each year she invested $2,000 in the market on the first day of the year. 

  1. Matthew Monthly 

Matthew divided his budget into 12 equal shares that he invested at the beginning of each month, with a strategy called dollar cost averaging that can be implemented with recurring and automatic purchases.

  1. Rosie Rotten

The fourth investor had poor timing and a lot of bad luck: she placed $2,000 each year at peak market times. For example, Rosie invested her first $2,000 on 30 January 2001, the highest closing level of that year for the S&P 500.

  1. Larry Linger

He, waiting for the right time, never invested in stocks but kept his budget in cash or Treasury bonds. 

At the end of twenty years of investment, the profits are as ranked below: 

  1. Peter Perfect: $151,391
  2. Ashley Action: $135,471
  3. Matthew Monthly: $134,856
  4. Rosie Rotten: $121,171
  5. Larry Linger: $44,438

So what was the best investment strategy?

The best results of course are Peter’s who waited and planned his annual investments perfectly. But the most surprising and least expected results of the study concern Matthew and Ashley, the latter coming in with only $15,920 less than the first ranked and Matthew with only $16,535 less. Matthew’s recurring purchase approach performed well. The difference in profits is relatively small, considering that he simply invested regularly without calculating timing or market forecasts.

Another obvious consequence of the research is that even bad timing still wins out over inertia. Although Rosie lost $14,300 compared to Ashley (who did not try to predict the market), Rosie still made almost three times what she would have made if she had not invested at all.

To sum up, the experiment shows that it’s worthwhile to invest now, and not to wait for supposed better times. And that putting one’s savings in motion even in a difficult market moment is still better than not investing at all. 

Charles Schwab examined 76 other 20-year periods and almost always found similar results in the ranking of investors for their returns. Even in periods with unexpected rankings, those who invested early never came last. 

What all this means for you

If you have a budget to invest in some market and do not know the best time to do so, starting now and on a regular basis could be the winning choice. 

The benefits of market timing do not stand out; this investment strategy only pays off for those with the skills or luck to anticipate trends. Regularity is less risky and more efficient. 

The winning choice of recurring purchase 

If you do not have the possibility or do not feel like spending your entire annual budget at once, consider recurring purchases. This way you can place smaller amounts more frequently. Recurring purchase has the advantage of: 

  1. Preventing laziness: this research shows that the ‘I’ll do it later’ or ‘maybe it’s better to wait’ approach does not work at all; 
  2. Minimise the stress of those who seek the perfect moments at all costs and the regrets of large investments that have failed; 
  3. Untie your profits from the timing of the market and its volatility

The best investment strategies? There is no such thing! The research concludes that, given the difficulty of predicting the market, the most realistic strategy for most investors is to set up recurring purchases. 

What is MiCA and what does the European regulation mean for crypto?

micar regulation explained

What is MiCAR, and what is the Eurozone market’s crypto regulation? Read the complete guide.

What is the MiCAR regulation, and what does it provide for? A more than legitimate question after the European Parliament approved in June 2023 the document that will regulate the cryptocurrency market in the Eurozone, published in the Official Journal of the European Union, and which will gradually come into effect during 2024.

This document is known by the acronym MiCAR or MiCA, which stands for Markets in Crypto-Assets and is the first EU regulation governing the cryptocurrency sector.

This regulation package aims to ensure investor protection through transparency obligations, requirements to operate, and prevention of abuse and to bring systemic order to the crypto asset sector. 

Let’s see what it establishes and how it changes the crypto landscape. 

From ICOs to MiCAR

The regulation of MiCAR was inspired by the phenomenon of crypto public offerings activities in 2017, better known as Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). These have particularly attracted the attention of national and European lawmakers and regulators. 

The announcement in 2019 of the development of Libra, Facebook’s stablecoin, prompted states to approve regulation on this type of cryptocurrency quickly. Libra would have allowed the transfer of a private currency to billions of users within the closed circuit of the blockchain. 

The opportunities provided by MiCAR

The basic idea is that crypto assets have the potential to become efficient means of raising capital for small and medium-sized enterprises and, due to their inherently transnational nature, to offer themselves as instruments for new payment services while maintaining the European Union as a pole of 

Ensuring a unified regulatory framework would lead Europe to strengthen its industrial and innovation capacity within safe and ethical limits. Indeed, this Euro-unified regulation is unique worldwide and can turn Europe into the first ‘continental’ single market for new assets, securing it a leading position vis-à-vis other jurisdictions, including the United States. 

The current regulatory environment of cryptocurrencies

The European regulatory situation on crypto is highly fragmented and evolving. Each country has adopted its laws, making regulatory harmonisation difficult. France, for instance, has regulations for ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings), whereas Germany classified crypto as a digital currency and subjected it to specific taxation some time ago. Italy has also introduced the taxation of cryptocurrencies within the Budget Law for 2023.

The starting point: what is a cryptocurrency?

The EU’s first attempt was to search for a term and definition encompassing most types of cryptocurrencies and related activities. 

Hence, the term ‘crypto-asset’, defined as ”’a digital representation of a value or right that can be transferred and stored electronically, using a distributed ledger or similar technology”, was introduced.  

MiCAR: what it provides for crypto projects

The MiCAR addresses both crypto-asset issuers and crypto-asset service providers (CASPs). 

From now on, crypto-asset issuers can operate with prior authorisation. They must comply with various requirements, including transparency requirements and publishing a “white paper” detailing the rights and risks associated with the issued asset. Specific categories of crypto-assets must also comply with specific reserve, governance and price stabilisation requirements.

The whitepaper will thus provide transparency on aspects such as system architecture, security mechanisms, governance strategies and the intended use of the technology, thus facilitating investors’ understanding of the project. 

Additionally, CASPs (Crypto-Asset Service Providers) will need to register with national authorities and adhere to strict standards to protect their users.

MiCAR: what it provides for exchanges

The MiCAR stipulates that all companies providing crypto-asset-related services, such as custody, exchange, advisory, and others, must register with national regulators and adhere to strict organisational, operational, and business conduct standards. These standards include protecting clients’ assets, preventing conflicts of interest, and ensuring market transparency. The new framework also holds CASPs directly liable in case of bugs, exploits or insolvency. This will ensure that users are compensated if part of the platforms’ capital is lost. Furthermore, CASPs must keep a history of all transactions processed on their platform for at least five years.

MiCA: Combating Money Laundering Regarding anti-money laundering, the monitoring and enforcement of current regulations will be entrusted to the EBA (European Banking Authority). The entity will also maintain a register of companies that will be prohibited from engaging in CASP activities in the EU, which it will use to restrict the entry of organisations considered to be at “high risk” of money laundering into the market. Additionally, all companies dealing with Proof-of-Work crypto-assets must regularly submit documents attesting to their environmental impact. MiCA does not ban PoW cryptocurrencies but limits their spread by cutting public incentives directed towards this type of technology.

Crypto-assets as Financial Instruments While issuers must comply with MiCA directives concerning all crypto-assets that are not considered financial instruments, service providers must apply them regardless of the nature, value, or right that the crypto-asset incorporates.

The distinction between crypto-assets that can be considered financial instruments and those that cannot is a fundamental component of the entire regulatory framework. MiCA seeks to address all use cases of crypto-assets that were not previously covered by historical regulations, such as MiFID, which regulates crypto-assets akin to financial instruments, and PSD for those akin to electronic money and deposits.

Drawing on the principles of existing regulations, MiCA represents a new and complementary regulatory body which seeks to adapt to the peculiarities of the crypto sector.

New Legal Categorisation of Crypto-assets The first step was defining three categories of crypto-assets that, as mentioned, are not akin to financial instruments:

  • Electronic Money Tokens (EMT)
  • Asset-Referenced Tokens (ART)
  • “Residual” Tokens

The classification of tokens is still evolving and will, therefore, require further clarification from the relevant Authorities.

Let’s see the definitions of the three categories of tokens.

E-money tokens

Electronic money tokens (indicated by the acronym EMT) include all those tokens that refer to the value of a single legal tender fiat currency, such as the euro or the dollar. The difference with ‘asset-linked tokens’ is right here: they link to the value of a single fiat currency.  

This category would include many stablecoins, such as Tether, cryptocurrencies designed to maintain a stable value through a ‘pegging’ system to a trusted currency in a 1:1 ratio. The anchoring, whereby, for example, one unit of stablecoin always corresponds to 1 dollar, is ensured through currency reserves or algorithms

With the MiCAR, issuers and EMT providers will mainly have to comply with these obligations:

  • The European Banking Authority (EBA) will supervise and regulate all EMTs.
  • EMT issuers will need an ‘e-money licence’, similar to a standard bank licence, but with strict limits that do not imply the possibility to operate as a credit institution.   

Asset-referenced tokens

The second category, asset-referenced tokens (denoted by the abbreviation ART), include those tokens that are not EMTs and “aim to stabilise their value by reference to another value or right, or a combination thereof, including one or more official currencies.”

An example is Pax Gold, whose acronym is PAXG, an attempt to combine the advantages of gold and blockchain. This stablecoin reproduces 1:1 the value of gold, the precious metal of which its reserves are also composed. Pax Gold is issued by Paxos Trust Company. Thanks to this stablecoin on the blockchain, even small and fractional amounts of gold can be purchased.

With the MiCA, issuers and providers of ART will be subject to additional obligations, such as:

  • Unless deemed ‘significant’, all ARTs will be supervised by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). They are significant when they exceed certain thresholds, such as a market capitalisation of more than 5 billion. In this case, the EBA will take over. 
  • Only token issuers with a registered office in the EU can issue ARTs.  
  • ARTs not pegged to a European currency will be controlled to preserve the EU’s monetary integrity.   

The interpretive debate on EMT and ART

The debate on the definition of ART is particularly heated. It seems to extend to all stablecoins, thus constituting a broad set that includes the more specific one of EMT. However, for some, the interests and rights associated with ART are not easily compatible with those of EMT. 

Regardless of first impressions, it is clear that these definitions remain too limited to cover the various facets of stablecoins fully. A regulation that truly reflects the sector’s technological and legal characteristics will require true collaboration between the cryptocurrency world and the regulatory authorities, not a cramped ‘copy cut’ of the old regulations for the crypto market.

Residual tokens

The third category, the ‘neither meat nor fish’ category, includes all ‘residual’ tokens. This general category also includes utility tokens and all crypto-assets that do not qualify as ART or EMT—that is, those that do not peg their value to a fiat currency or basket of assets. 

Utility tokens provide digital access to a specific product or service. The MiCAR rules require transparency here but are less restrictive than those for EMTs and ARTs.

Companies issuing this type of token must create a White Paper, which must be published on the website of the organisation issuing the cryptocurrency.

This document should contain all fundamental information about the token, such as a detailed project description, how crypto is issued and sold, and the technologies on which it is based.

The case of Bitcoin

Although bitcoin (BTC) falls under ‘residual tokens’ in terms of categorisation, the exclusion from the Regulation is clarified in the Considerando. Here, it is said that the rule does not apply when a crypto asset is automatically created as a reward for blockchain maintenance or transaction validation

This regulatory approach demonstrates the choice to exclude blockchain technology’s most innovative and dynamic aspects. The division into three categories, while including a residual open category, excludes many crypto assets, effectively ignoring Bitcoin.

It is almost as if placing it in limbo, neither currency nor financial instrument, is the best way to make it as harmless as possible. This is if it is true that every good or bad law ends up being perceived positively because its mere existence can incentivise investment and a certain trust in the entire ecosystem. 

The fact remains that we continue to ignore the elephant in the room. Bitcoin is the most popular crypto asset by far, the number one by market capitalisation, with a dominance (Bitcoin’s valuation relative to the overall cryptocurrency market valuation) of over 50%. In addition, almost all of the market players for which MiCAR is intended offer related services. Bitcoin is unique in its decentralised governance characteristics, against which the regulator’s ambitions of control continue to clash without finding a solution. 

DeFi, the great absentee 

DeFi is also outside the MiCAR framework.

DeFi is an issue, changing every criterion for imputing liability in decentralisation. Therefore, it is putting regulators worldwide in a quandary, uncertain how and whether creating an ad hoc rule makes sense.

It is also surprising that credit markets in crypto assets have been excluded from regulation, considering their reputation as one of the most risky areas for consumers, especially regarding the relationship between service providers and consumers. 

MiCAR focuses on the risks associated with centralised platforms, whereas lending and staking crypto assets are more common on decentralised platforms. Although these activities often imply a certain centralisation of processes, raising doubts about whether decentralisation is truly decentralised and whether responsible parties can be identified, this does not seem to lead to a balanced supervisory framework.

NFTs are also missing

The exclusion of NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) from regulation is based on their distinctive characteristics. Unlike other crypto-assets, NFTs are unique and not easily interchangeable, which makes it difficult to determine their value through direct comparisons with other markets or equivalent assets. 

Their uniqueness significantly reduces their use in the financial sector and the associated risks for the financial and monetary system (fiat). Consequently, the legislator decided to exclude them from the scope of certain regulations. 

This does not imply that NFTs cannot be classified as financial instruments in the future. The discussion on NFTs is ongoing, and further guidelines on their classification and regulation may emerge.

Exchange wallets and private wallets: what changes with MiCAR?

Also, European laws aim to protect users when regulating crypto wallets. P2P payments between private individuals via cryptocurrencies have not been affected.

Finally, MiCAR also deals with the impact of crypto influencers, those who express personal opinions on certain cryptocurrencies by recommending them to their followers on social networks. The bill penalises those who do not behave transparently, expressing opinions on a particular asset without disclosing their exposure.

Industry opinion: pro-MiCAR

Crypto enthusiasts have known about the MiCAR and its provisions for several months. In fact, the first draft of the document was drafted in 2020, so they have had plenty of time to understand this regulation. 

According to some experts, MiCAR is positively impacting the industry. The new framework’s consumer protection makes the crypto world more accessible. In addition, the new rules prevent suspicious or questionable companies from entering the European market, reducing the risk of scams or rug pulls. According to Dante Disparte, Circle’s Head of Global Policy, the laws will transform the European Union into a competitive and innovative crypto terrain.

Looking at the confusing and penalising regulatory situation in the US, MiCAR has become an example of how clear rules can attract developers and new projects. In Europe, investments in crypto projects are becoming the most numerous in the world.

Industry opinion: against MiCAR

On the other hand, critics think these new European laws could negatively affect the market. This is mainly because some transactions that, as of today, are carried out immediately, such as transactions between exchange wallets and withdrawals of large amounts of crypto, could become complicated. Critics, therefore, believe this will slow the adoption of cryptocurrencies.

In general, however, the opinions of members of the crypto community who have long known what MiCAR regulation is and what it provides are positive. After all, most of the pioneers in the field (such as Charles Hoskinson and Andre Cronje) have always favoured cryptocurrency regulation.  

You are on the blog of Young Platform, the Italian platform for buying cryptocurrencies. Here you can find the latest news on blockchain, Bitcoin and Web3. We look closer at this emerging economy with an eye on traditional finance so you have everything you need to enter the new age of money.